Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

On 18 April 1918 the British merchant steamer SS Runswick, carrying coal, was torpedoed by German submarine UB-109, three miles off Trevose Head near Padstow. She was beached and abandoned; all the crew were saved. 

Today she lies against the Quies, the islands a mile or so off Trevose Head.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting an image showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here, it's August 1914; war has just broken out. In Redruth a rush of volunteers takes place as men step forward to join the fight. Shepherding the recruits are two regular soldiers. The new men wait on the town's station platform; they're travelling up-country to begin military training. For many, this will be the last memory of where they'd grown up.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm 
 

Cornwall in the First World War

Today I’m pleased to feature a guest post written by Anne Chapman, who lives in Gorran Haven.  Many thanks for the piece, Anne. 

In Memory of Henry Chapman

On 26^th November 1914 the UK suffered its second worst loss of life due to an explosion at sea, when HMS Bulwark was destroyed off the coast of Kent. The final death toll was 738 men, and this is the story of one of them ... my Great Grandfather Henry Chapman. He’s pictured above, with his wife Elizabeth.

Henry was born on 6^th October 1869 in Higham, Strood, Kent, the son of Charles and Mahala Chapman. He had at least eight brothers and sisters. His family had been farmers in Kent and Sussex for many years, but Henry chose another path.

He became a coastguard and this profession led him to Gorran, Cornwall, where in 1896 he married Elizabeth Ann Lewarn Liddicoat. The Liddicoats are an old Gorran family; their roots there go back at least 200 years.

Henry’s career took the couple from Gorran to Kingswear, Devon, then to Charmouth in Dorset and finally to Yarmouth on the Isle of Wight. In each place they lived in coastguard cottages, some of which remain standing today.  As they moved around the country, the family grew. Henry and Elizabeth had eight children; Florence Eleanor, Mary Mahala, Ruby Audrey, George Henry, William Charles, Elsie May, Percy John and Charles Leslie.  Mary and Ruby sadly died young.

When war was declared in August 1914 Henry joined the Navy as a Petty Officer Stoker (Coastguard), number 147160, and embarked in HMS Bulwark along with many reservists from the Portsmouth area. His family left the Isle of Wight and moved back to Cornwall, where they lived at 2, Ledrah Villas, Ledrah Road, St Austell. Henry was 45 when he died and his youngest child was only two. 

Elizabeth remained in St Austell and raised her family there alone, under what was undoubtedly great hardship. They lived on St Austell’s west side, initially in Ledrah Road and later in the Gover Valley. Henry and Elizabeth’s surviving children prospered and many of their descendants can be found in the St Austell area today. Surnames of family members include Chapman, Giltjes-Vincent, Giltjes, Raymond, Bennett, Williams, Casson, Wellington, Webb, Evely, Kingdom, Laville, and Arrowsmith.

HMS Bulwark had a short career. One of three “London” class battleships, built in Devonport in 1902, amongst others she was commanded by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, who later explored the Antarctic.  At the outbreak of War she joined the Channel Fleet, and early in November 1914 became the location for the court martial of a senior Naval Officer. 

On the morning of the disaster Bulwark was moored off Sheerness in the River Medway estuary and most of the crew were below decks at breakfast, hence the large loss of life. The huge explosion was felt in buildings on the Essex coast, and the sailors’ personal effects were later found scattered across the Kent countryside.

That afternoon the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, said in the House of Commons: “I regret to say that I have some bad news for the House.  The Bulwark battleship, which was lying in Sheerness this morning, blew up at 7.53 am. The Vice and Rear Admirals who were present have reported their conviction that it was an internal magazine explosion, which rent the ship asunder. The ship had entirely disappeared when the smoke cleared away.”

“The loss of the ship does not sensibly affect the military position, but I regret to say that the loss of life is very severe. Only twelve men were saved, and all the officers and rest of the crew, which, I suppose amounted to between 700 and 800 persons, have perished. I think the House would wish me to express on its behalf the deep sympathy and sorrow with which the House heard the news, and the sympathy it feels with those who have lost their relatives and friends.”

The subsequent enquiry found the explosion had been caused by the overheating of charges, which then set off the ammunition stored in the ship’s passageways. Despite the Coroner’s best efforts, the blast was so severe that many of the recovered bodies remained unidentified; they were buried under full military honours in the Naval Section of the Gillingham Cemetery.  Sadly, most of the crew were not recovered for burial. 

Today, the men who died are remembered at Chatham’s Naval Memorial and the Portsmouth Naval Memorial. The disaster’s centenary will be marked by remembrance services and events in Gillingham and Chatham.

As Henry spent so few years in Cornwall he is not remembered on any local memorials, but his legacy is alive in Cornwall today in the form of his many descendants.  He is not forgotten.  

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here is Sea Scout Zero airship SSZ.42 seen at Royal Naval Air Station Bude, the lonely outpost on Cornwall's north coast established outside the town in 1918. Beneath, her ground-handling crew are holding the airship's trail ropes, to help manoeuvre her across the field to a mooring position. Today, one of Bude's old concrete mooring points, a huge ball into which was sunk a metal loop, survives in private hands.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm 

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here's a scene from Falmouth. At the war's end the town was recognised by the Government for its financial contribution to the war effort by the presentation of a tank for display on The Moor. The tank arrived by train on Saturday 13 September 1919, making its own way from Falmouth recreation ground and down Killigrew Street led by Falmouth's Town Band, where hundreds waited to see it.

Cornwall received four other display tanks, at Camborne, Penzance, Redruth and Truro. Falmouth's stayed beside the Packet Memorial until 1927, when finally it was scrapped.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Among the Cornishmen who joined up when the First World War broke out was St Austell-born Percival Phillips; later he served with the Royal Flying Corps in Mesopotamia, Persia and Kurdistan.

This image was taken during 1918; Percival sits in the cockpit of his R.E.8 two-seat biplane at Baqubah. ‘PP’ survived the fighting and returned safely home. After a spell as a partner in a St Austell motor garage, in 1924 he formed the barnstorming Cornwall Aviation Company.
 
My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here is Charles Dyer, born at Mevagissey in 1883. By 1901 the Dyer family was living at Heligan Mill, and Charles, aged 17, was working for the Squire as a gardener. Later the family moved back to Meva and he became a fisherman. Charles married his sweetheart Annie, and on their wedding day they swapped identical rings.

Like so many Cornish fishermen Charles had enlisted for the Royal Naval Reserve. After war broke out he served aboard His Majesty’s Trawler Rosa on mine-sweeping duties, and also saw action during the Battle of Jutland in 1916.

Later wounded, he was moved to a naval hospital at Chatham Dockyard. But Charles disappeared; he was registered as a deserter. His family was left disgraced and penniless.

Two years later, in woods by the hospital, a skeleton was found with a ring matching Annie’s. The Royal Navy removed Charles’s name from their list of deserters and the family’s name was redeemed.

Charles Dyer is buried in Mevagissey cemetery, beneath a Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstone.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

 

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here are eleven men who worked at the Trewheela China Clay Works near Fraddon. With two other comrades, in August 1914 they joined the Territorial Force of the Royal Engineers.

It’s thought they were encouraged to enlist by the Nalder family, who had a large stake in the clayworks at Trewheela, and also had links with the Royal Engineers at Falmouth.

The men’s names were Frederick Stanford Biscombe (Summercourt); three brothers Ernest, James and Orlando Brokenshire (Summercourt); Richard John Cole (Summercourt); Richard Veal Common (Higher Fraddon); Richard Grigg (Ruthvoes); two cousins Charles Bernard Halls and Llewellyn Halls (St Newlyn East); John Harvey (Toldish); Albert Victor Menear (Indian Queens); George Robins (Summercourt) and William Phillips Tippett (Summercourt).

Ernest Brokenshire was killed in August 1918 while Richard Veal Common, who had transferred to the Tank Corps, lost his life in October 1918. It’s believed the others survived the war, though sadly two men died within five years of the end of the war.

Any further information on these men would be most appreciated.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here's a mystery. This image was taken earlier this year, and shows a bench-end at St Fimbarrus church, Fowey. The carved wooden angels are holding a shield, engraved with the crest of Britain's First World War Royal Flying Corps. 

But what's the significance of the crest; why is it there? As usual, any help with this would be most appreciated.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm  

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a photograph showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here's it's August 1914, just after war began. Passengers and crew of German liners in Falmouth harbour at that time were rounded up by the army, and initially interned in Cornish workhouses. 

Under armed guard, the foreign civilians - by no means all German nationals - are being marched up Redruth's Station Hill. They've been detained in nearby Barncoose workhouse, but are about to be sent by train to Devonport. From there, some will be allowed to travel home; others, defined as enemy aliens, will enter long-term internment. 

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

 

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing Cornwall's First World War.

 Today, Truro’s war memorial on Boscawen Street honours just one woman from the First World War: deceptively delicate-looking Cora Cornish Ball.  Born in 1896 to a large family, for a time Cora lived in Kenwyn village near the city.  Her father had various jobs and the family moved around the local area.  Despite that, Cora kept up her schooling until she was 14 or so, and in 1917 the slim young girl volunteered for service with the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps.

As Corps No.2717, Cora travelled to France where she served near Calais.  Her WAAC uniform consisted of a khaki cap atop her short dark bob, with a matching khaki jacket and skirt; regulations stipulated the skirt must be no more than 12 inches above the ground.  During her war service, perhaps because she’d stayed on at school Cora reached the rank of Forewoman, equivalent to an army sergeant.

The WAAC was formed in 1917; it provided storekeeping, vehicle maintenance and clerical duties for the British Army, as well as telephonists, waitresses and cooks, freeing more men to take up fighting roles.  In the following year the WAAC was renamed Queen Mary's Army Auxiliary Corps; between January 1917 and November 1918 more than 57,000 women enlisted.

Cora received two medals recognising her war service: the Victory Medal, and the British War Medal.  Sadly though, only 11 days following the Armistice she died, perhaps a victim of the terrible flu pandemic sweeping Europe at the time.  Cora Ball was laid to rest in Les Baraques Military Cemetery at Sangatte, near Calais; she was just 22.

Cora’s name appears in a 1920s manuscript titled British Women’s Work During the Great War, held by London's Imperial War Museum, which includes rolls of honour recording the hundreds of British nurses and servicewomen who gave their lives on active service.  Today, as well as being remembered by Truro’s monument Cora Ball is honoured on the memorial in her home village. 

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing Cornwall's First World War.

Here's a rare sight. It's 1918 at Padstow airfield, just outside the town at the hamlet of Crugmeer. The airfield hosted de Havilland DH.6 and DH.9 biplanes, the occasional BE.2, even airships from Mullion. But here's the puzzle: the aircraft in our picture is a visiting Sopwith Camel. Where did it come from, and why did it drop in to Padstow? Any information would be gratefully received.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing Cornwall's First World War.

In July 1903, at just 15 years old, Mullion-born Ernest Herbert Pitcher joined the Royal Navy. By August 1914 he was serving in the Dreadnought battleship King George V. The following year Ernest volunteered for special service with Britain’s growing Q-ship fleet.

Q-ships were intended to combat Germany’s submarines by posing as defenceless merchant vessels. To inflict a nasty surprise on attacking U-boats these tempting targets concealed weaponry aplenty: deck-guns, torpedoes, depth-charges. It was perilous work, the Q-ships serving as decoys to draw enemy fire, their crews all volunteers.

 

In February 1917, ex-collier Q-ship HMS Farnborough was sailing off Ireland’s west coast.  Among her crew was Ernest, by then a Petty Officer. Farnborough was attacked by submarine U-83; in a brutal exchange the U-boat was sunk, the ship damaged but beached, while Ernest was mentioned in despatches.

By the summer he was embarked in HMS Dunraven, again a Q-ship disguised as a collier. On 8 August, around 130 miles south-west of Ushant in the Bay of Biscay, submarine UC-71 spotted Dunraven. Taken in, the U-boat surfaced and attacked. Shells from its deck-gun struck the ship, setting off depth-charges; fire caught at her stern while a torpedo caused more damage. 

The British replied with two torpedoes of their own, but missed. UC-71 stole away while Dunraven slowly began to go down; later she sank under tow. Happily the crewmen who’d lived through the action were rescued, and the story of PO Pitcher’s gallantry came out.

Ernest had been in charge of the sailors manning Dunraven’s 4-inch gun, hidden in the poop. When the magazine below was set afire, to stave off catastrophe the men carried all the powder and shells they could up to their gun. There they calmly held these materials on their knees, to stop the deck’s heat igniting them. Finally though the magazine had exploded; the sailors were blown high into the air. With several injuries, Ernest came round on the deck.

Somehow, all the gun-crew had survived. In the light of such exceptional discipline and bravery, along with the other sailors Ernest’s name was entered into a ballot for a Victoria Cross, and drawn. He received his medal in November 1917; his men were awarded Conspicuous Gallantry Medals.

In July 1918 Petty Officer Pitcher VC and his wife Lily attended a private view of the Exhibition of Naval Photographs at the Princes Galleries in Piccadilly, London, where they met King George V and Queen Mary.   

After the war, as a regular Ernest stayed in the Navy; during August 1920 he was promoted to Chief Petty Officer, and that year was a member of the honour guard at the Cenotaph Service of Remembrance. He left the Service in 1927, becoming a teacher and then a publican. During August 1940, at the height of the Battle of Britain, he rejoined the Navy. Courageous Ernest Pitcher saw out his second great war, and died in February 1946.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

  

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing Cornwall's First World War.

Today, one small Cornish community is unique. 

The parish of Herodsfoot nestles in the West Looe valley near Liskeard; it’s a gentle place, surrounded by woodland. Set on the village green, its most poignant feature is the First World War memorial.   

For the granite monument’s inscription is truly remarkable, the only one of its kind in Cornwall; it tells us that during the conflict, Herodsfoot was spared military fatalities.

All 13 of the village men who joined the armed forces came home safely. The memorial records their names, and the parish’s ‘gratitude for their services in the Great War.’

The handful of British communities which lost no men at all during the First World War have since become known as Thankful Villages; Herodsfoot is Cornwall’s only Thankful Village, one of around just 50 across the entire country.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

  

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing Cornwall's First World War.

The Duchy’s long coastline, mostly isolated, was felt vulnerable to possible enemy invasion. To help protect exposed and sensitive areas, Volunteer Training Corps contingents were formed in many Cornish towns.

Generally the men of Cornwall's VTC were ineligible for front-line service: old soldiers, essential war workers, members of the clergy.  Among other duties they helped protect national treasures, including precious state papers which had arrived for safe keeping at Bodmin Gaol.

The Corps was a national body, the forerunner of the Second World War Home Guard, and given similar tasks.  Its members wore a red brassard emblazoned with the initials GR (Georgius Rex), which led to unkind nicknames such as ‘Gorgeous Wrecks’ and ‘God’s Rejects. Above is a Cornwall VTC cap badge which has survived from those days. 

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm
 

Cornwall in the First World War

 

During this month, each weekday I'm posting images showing different aspects of Cornwall's First World War.

In February 1915 the Royal Navy arrived at Penzance. Mount’s Bay had long been a favourite anchorage for passing British fleets, and a base was needed away from congested Falmouth. Also, as Germany's U-boats broadened their searches, the western outpost allowed a greater patrol area by the Navy’s shore-based vessels.      

At the heart of Penzance harbour-front, N Holman & Sons’ dry dock was requisitioned. Over the company's offices a White Ensign was raised, the new base run by Lieutenant Commander David Blair, RNR.

Here, it's 1918; the Navy's Motor Launch ML351 is arriving for maintenance at Holman’s dock. Inside the dock gates divers are in the water, while workers watch proceedings from beyond.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting images showing different aspects of Cornwall's First World War. Here's early British submarine A.7, a visitor to the Duchy's naval station HMS Defiance.

Commissioned in 1884, Defiance was formed at Wearde Quay on the River Lynher, near Saltash, built around two wooden naval hulks moored off the northern bank. Defiance was a training station. Its deadly courses taught wholesale maritime destruction, using some of the most lethal weapons of their day: torpedoes and enormous sea-mines.
 
Mine-laying practice and recovery drills, using dummy weapons, were generally carried out in Whitsand and Cawsand Bays. But live mine and torpedo firings even took place on the Lynher itself. Along the shore Cornish people would gather to watch the explosions, as colossal gouts of water were flung high into the air.
 
My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing aspects of Cornwall's First World War.

Here's another photo from Royal Naval Air Station Mullion. This aeroplane is a Sopwith 1½ Strutter, its naval serial number N5624. Pilot and observer are aboard; ground crew prepare to start the 110 hp Clerget engine and release the wheel chocks. Behind is a windbreak protecting the mouth of Mullion's larger airship shed. 

In mid-April 1917 four 1½ Strutters arrived at Mullion, accompanied by Squadron Commander John T Cull DSO and three Flight Sub-Lieutenants. The aircraft was built in two versions: a two-seat fighter, and a single-seat bomber. Use of landplanes in the Duchy had been a second choice; the Royal Naval Air Service would have preferred water-based aircraft for its patrols off Cornwall, but at the time none were available.

A single Bessoneau canvas hangar was erected for the Sopwiths, near the main airship shed.  As well as anti-submarine flights, sometimes the aircraft were used for aerial photography. Over the summer of 1917 several more 1½ Strutters arrived at the station; by November though only two remained, the rest transferred to other duties.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During this month, each weekday I'm posting a different image showing aspects of Cornwall's First World War.

Here, a group of officers and four-legged friend pose for their photograph at Royal Naval Air Station Mullion. It's the summer of 1918, by when the station supported an aircraft force as well as airships. In the background rests an unloved de Havilland DH.6 biplane, one of several flown from the base. 

By 1918 the DH.6 was an old design, but was kept in service at Mullion for coastal patrols against German submarines. An unreliable aeroplane, it could hardly lift its crew of two let alone a bomb. Several were lost off Cornwall, none to enemy action; over the summer this photo was taken, much to the aviators' delight they were weeded out.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm

Cornwall in the First World War

During last month I posted a series of photographs showing Cornwall's First World War. People were kind enough to come forward with comments and information, so I'm going to continue posting during November. Many thanks for your support and interest.

Here's a scene showing Padstow harbour during 1918. Mud-berthed at the temporary naval outstation are a gaggle of Naval Motor Launches. Generally the MLs were based at Falmouth and Penzance, but for their anti-submarine patrols off the north Cornish coast put in at Padstow, tying up at North Quay. From the left: ML350, 334, 245, 357, 321 and 570. A hundred years later, the background is remarkably unchanged; today the low building accommodates Mountain Warehouse while to its right is the Shipwrights pub.

My book, 'Cornwall In The First World War', is published by Truran. With 112 pages and 100 images, you'll find it in bookshops across the Duchy. It's also available through Amazon: http://amzn.to/19JbtZm